Verb + ことは / ことが / ことを Meaning & Usage: “V-ing / to V” in Japanese

level3 (N3)

Introduction

Have you ever wanted to say “Exercising is good for your body,” “I’m bad at speaking in front of people,” or “I’m thinking about quitting my job” in Japanese?

When you want to turn a verb into something like “V-ing” or “to V”, Japanese often uses Verb + こと.


1. Meaning: What do ~ことは / ~ことが / ~ことを mean?

Verb + こと turns a verb into a noun-like expression.

So it can mean things like:

  • V-ing
  • to V
  • the act of V

Then you add particles such as は, が, or を depending on the role in the sentence.

Core idea

  • Verb + ことは = “V-ing / to V” as the topic
  • Verb + ことが = “V-ing / to V” as the subject
  • Verb + ことを = “V-ing / to V” as the object

Compare:

  • 運動うんどうすることは体からだにいい。
    Exercising is good for your body.
  • 人前ひとまえで話はなすことが苦手にがてだ。
    Speaking in front of people is difficult for me.
  • 会社かいしゃをやめることを考かんがえている。
    I am thinking about quitting my job.

In all of these, the verb phrase becomes a noun-like unit.


2. Formation

Verb (dictionary form) + こと + は / が / を

Example

PatternVerb~ことは / が / を
U-verb行いく (to go)行いくことは
行いくことが
行いくことを
Ru-verb食たべる (to eat)食たべることは
食たべることが
食たべることを
Irregular verbする (to do)することは
することが
することを
Irregular verb来くる (to come)来くることは
来くることが
来くることを

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3. Useful Examples

~ことは

運動うんどうすることは体からだにいい。
Exercising is good for your body.


日本人にほんじんと話はなすことは、日本語にほんごの良よい勉強方法べんきょうほうほうだ。
Talking with Japanese people is a great way to learn Japanese.


~ことが

人前ひとまえで話はなすことが苦手にがてだ。
I am bad at speaking in front of people.


新あたらしい単語たんごを覚おぼえることが楽たのしい。
Learning new vocabulary is fun.


~ことを

会社かいしゃをやめることを考かんがえています。
I am thinking about quitting my job.


早はやく戦争せんそうが終おわることを願ねがっています。
I hope the war ends soon.


4. Casual form: ~のは / ~のが / ~のを

In many cases, ~こと can be replaced with ~の.

This is especially common in casual conversation.

Compare:

EnglishJapanese
Exercise is good for your health.運動うんどうすることは体からだにいい。
運動するのは体にいい。
I’m not good at speaking in front of people.人前ひとまえで話はなすことが苦手にがてだ。
人前で話すのが苦手だ。
I’m good at making friends.友ともだちを作つくることが得意とくいだ。
友だちを作るのが得意だ。

A useful guideline

If you are speaking casually with friends, の is often very natural.
If you are writing, explaining carefully, or speaking more formally, こと is often safer.


5. Important fixed expressions: use こと, not の

In some patterns, the form is fixed, so you must use こと.

1) Possibility: ことができる

日本語にほんごを話はなすことができる。(✕ 話すのができる)
I can speak Japanese.

2) Repeated occurrence: ことがある

寝坊ねぼうすることがある。(✕ 寝坊するのがある)
I sometimes oversleep.

3) Experience: past plain form + ことがある

寿司すしを食たべたことがある。(✕ 食べたのがある)
I have eaten sushi before.

4) Decision: ことにする / ことになる

会社かいしゃをやめることにする。(✕ やめるのにする)
I will decide to quit my job.


These are set grammar patterns, so こと cannot be freely replaced with の.

6. Related grammar (comparison)

~こと。 / You should…

This grammar is used to give instructions, rules, or written directions. It is close to ~しなさい.

It means something like:

  • you should…
  • make sure to…

For example:

  • 明日あしたは9時じに集合しゅうごうすること。
    Be sure to gather at 9:00 tomorrow.
  • 携帯電話けいたいでんわの電源でんげんを切きること。
    Turn off your mobile phone.

7. Practice

Translate the following English into Japanese using ことは / ことが / ことを.

EnglishExample Answer
Studying every day is important.毎日勉強まいにちべんきょうすることは(が)大切たいせつだ。
Learning new kanji is fun.新あたらしい漢字かんじを覚おぼえることが楽たのしい。
I am thinking about changing jobs.転職てんしょくすることを考かんがえている。

Conclusion

In this article, you learned how to use Verb + ことは / ことが / ことを to express “V-ing” or “to V” in Japanese.

With this grammar, you can now:

  • turn verbs into noun-like expressions more naturally,
  • use は / が / を depending on the role in the sentence,
  • and understand when こと can be replaced by の, and when it must stay こと in fixed expressions like ことができる and ことにする.
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  • Chihiro Hanami
    Reviewer:

    Japanese native and language educator with about 10 years of experience teaching and developing courses and materials.
    She studied and taught in 5 different countries. Her most recent teaching role was at University of Pennsylvania in the U.S.
    Other than teaching all levels of Japanese in various settings from personal tutoring to college courses, she also has experience writing articles about Japanese language and culture and teaching English.
    Education: M.A. in Japanese pedagogy, Purdue University. B.A from the school of Japanese language and culture, Tsukuba University.