Introduction
Have you ever wanted to say “It’s been decided that I’ll transfer to Fukuoka” or “We’re expected to submit a report every day” in Japanese?
For example:
- How do you announce a job transfer that the company decided?
- How do you explain a school rule without saying who made it?
For all of these, Japanese uses ~ことになる and its related form ~ことになっている—patterns that present something as decided, without putting your own will in the foreground.
1. Meaning: What does ~ことになる mean?
The verb なる means “to become”—something comes about without the speaker’s will driving it.
Added to こと, it says that a decision has been reached about a future action.
① ~ことになった → it has been decided that
This use describes a decision or arrangement that has been reached.
The decision may have been made by someone else, such as a company or school, or reached through discussion or circumstances.
Who decided is usually left unsaid.
Common English equivalents:
- it has been decided that ~
- it was arranged that ~
- I’m going to ~ (as a result of a decision)
Example:

来月、福岡に転勤することになりました。
It’s been decided that I’ll transfer to Fukuoka next month.
② ~ことになっている → it is expected that
With ている, the focus shifts from the moment of deciding to the state of being decided.
This form describes something that has already been decided and remains in effect.
It is commonly used for rules, customs, arrangements, and scheduled plans.
Common English equivalents:
- be supposed to ~
- be expected to ~
- the rule is that ~
- be scheduled to ~
Example:

この会社では日報を出すことになっています。
At this company, we are required to submit daily reports.
In some Japanese workplaces, employees are expected to write 日報 (daily reports) to share their work progress and any issues with their supervisors.
A useful social function
Even when the speaker did make the decision, Japanese often uses ことになる to avoid sounding self-centered.
Compare:
- 会社を退職することにしました。
I’ve decided to quit the company. (direct; my choice) - 会社を退職することになりました。
It’s come about that I’ll be leaving the company. (softer, more modest)
This is why ことになりました is often used when announcing a marriage, resignation, or move, even when the speaker had a choice.
It presents the news modestly, without putting the speaker’s own decision in the foreground.
2. Formation
Verb (dictionary form) + ことになる
Verb (nai form) + ことになる
- 行く (to go) → 行くことになる / 行かないことになる
- 参加する (to attend) → 参加することになる / 参加しないことになる
- 帰る (to return) → 帰ることになる / 帰らないことになる
Three forms, three jobs
- ことになった/ことになりました — reporting a decision that has just been reached.
- ことになっている/ことになっています — a rule, custom, or standing plan.
- ことになる (plain non-past) — describes a decision, arrangement, or outcome that will result in a certain situation. Depending on the context, it can also express a logical consequence.
- この計画が通れば、来年から始めることになる。= If this plan is approved, we’ll be starting next year.
Expressing rules and prohibitions
To express a prohibition, use the negative form ~てはいけない + ことになっている.
This presents the prohibition as an established rule rather than a direct command from the speaker.
This is the standard way to state a rule impersonally.
Example:

ここでたばこを吸ってはいけないことになっています。
Smoking isn’t allowed here.
~ことになっている vs ~てはいけません
ことになっている is softer than a flat ~てはいけません.
It presents the rule as something that exists independently, rather than as you forbidding the listener.
3. Useful Examples
① ~ことになった: a decision reached
Situation: The team has been waiting to hear who will lead the new project.

結局、だれが新しいプロジェクトを担当するんでしょうか。
So, who’s going to be in charge of the new project, after all?

ジョンさんが担当することになったそうですよ。
I heard that John is going to be in charge.

幼なじみが結婚することになりました。
It has been decided that my childhood friend will get married.

今度の修学旅行は京都へ行くことになりました。
It’s been decided that our upcoming school trip will be to Kyoto.

母の仕事の関係で、仙台に引っ越すことになりました。
Because of my mother’s job, we’re moving to Sendai.
The negative form works the same way, and often delivers bad news:

来年は奨学金がもらえないことになってしまいました。
It’s been decided that I won’t be receiving the scholarship next year.

そうなんですか…。残念ですね。
Is that so…? That’s too bad.
② ~ことになっている: schedules
Situation: The company president is checking his afternoon schedule with his secretary.

私の午後の予定は?
What’s my schedule this afternoon?

3時にT社の山田社長と会うことになっています。
You’re scheduled to meet President Yamada of T Company at three.

明日、名古屋へ出張することになっています。
I’m scheduled to go to Nagoya on business tomorrow.

社長は新製品発表会に参加されないことになっています。
The president is not scheduled to attend the new product launch.
③ ~ことになっている: rules and customs
Situation: It’s only ten o’clock, but John is getting ready to leave.

もう帰るの?まだ10時だよ。
You’re leaving already? It’s only ten.

うん。寮に、夜11時までに帰らなきゃいけないことになっているんだ。
Yeah. We’re supposed to be back at the dorm by eleven.

この講義室では食事をしてはいけないことになっています。
Eating isn’t permitted in this lecture room.

この学校の生徒は、髪の色を変えてはいけないことになっています。
Students at this school aren’t allowed to dye their hair.

この町ではペットボトルを捨てるとき、中を洗ってから捨てることになっています。
In this town, you’re expected to rinse out plastic bottles before throwing them away.
4. Related grammar (comparison)
Four patterns share the same building blocks, and the difference comes down to two questions: する or なる (is your will involved?), and ように or ことに (an effort, or a decision?).
| する(your will) | なる(not your will) | |
|---|---|---|
| ように | ~ようにする make an effort to | ~ようになる come to do / become able to |
| ことに | ~ことにする decide to | ~ことになる it is decided that |
~ことにする
~ことにする means “to decide to do”—the decision is yours.
- 今学期、経済の授業を取ることにしました。= I’ve decided to take an economics class this semester.
~ことにしている
~ことにしている means “to make it a habit to”—a personal rule you have set for yourself.
This is the pair most worth keeping straight, because the two look nearly identical:
- 毎朝ニュースを見ることにしている。= I make a point of watching the news every morning. (my own rule)
- 毎朝ニュースを見ることになっている。= We’re expected to watch the news every morning. (an external rule)
~ようになる
~ようになる describes a change in ability, habit, or situation.
Unlike ~ことになる, it focuses on the change itself rather than a decision or arrangement.
- 前は刺身が食べられませんでしたが、今は食べられるようになりました。= I couldn’t eat sashimi before, but now I can.
~予定よていだ
Vる + 予定だ also states a plan, but it is a neutral statement of the schedule.
ことになっている emphasizes that the plan or arrangement has already been established. Depending on the context, it may also imply an expectation or obligation.
- 来週大阪へ行く予定です。= I plan to go to Osaka next week.
- 来週大阪へ行くことになっています。= I’m due to go to Osaka next week (it’s been arranged).
5. Common Mistake: ことになる vs. ことにする
One syllable separates these, and choosing the wrong one changes who decided.
Remember this golden rule:
- ことにする: する = “to do.” I decided.
- ことになる: なる = “to become.” Someone or something else decided.
Example: The company is transferring me to Osaka.
- ✅ Correct: 大阪で働くことになりました。(The company decided.)
- ❌ Misleading: 大阪で働くことにしました。(This says you chose it yourself.)
Example: I’ve thought it over and decided to study abroad.
- ✅ Correct: よく考えて、留学することにしました。
- △ Odd: よく考えて、留学することになりました。(「よく考えて」makes your own will explicit, which clashes with ことになる.)
Remember, though, that ことになる is also the modest choice.
When announcing news about yourself, it is often preferred precisely because it keeps your will in the background.
Just don’t pair it with phrases that spotlight your decision, like 自分で決めて.
One more point of form: this pattern takes a plain-form verb, never a noun directly.
- ❌ Incorrect: 転勤ことになりました。
- ✅ Correct: 転勤することになりました。
6. Practice
Translate the following into Japanese using ~ことになる or ~ことになっている.
| Clue | Example Answer |
|---|---|
| It’s been decided that I’ll transfer to Fukuoka next month. | 来月、福岡に転勤することになりました。 |
| I’m leaving the company for personal reasons. | 一身上の都合で、退職することになりました。 |
| At this company, we’re expected to submit a report every day. | この会社では毎日、報告書を出すことになっています。 |
| My section chief invited me, so I’ll be attending the drinking party. | 課長に誘われて、飲み会に参加することになりました。 |
7. FAQ
- QIf I decided something myself, can I still use ことになりました?
- A
Yes. Even when you made the decision yourself, you can use ことになりました if you want to present the decision modestly or focus on the outcome rather than your own choice.
Announcing a marriage, a resignation, or a move with ことにしました can sound like you are making a point of your own agency. ことになりました presents the same news modestly, as something that has come about.
It also fits decisions you reached together with someone else—a wedding being the obvious case.
- QWhat’s the difference between ことになっている and ことにしている?
- A
Who set the rule.
お酒を飲まないことにしている = I make it a rule not to drink alcohol.
お酒を飲んではいけないことになっている = Drinking isn’t allowed (someone else’s rule).
If you’re explaining a workplace or school regulation, ことになっている is the one you want.
- QIs ことになっている more polite than てはいけません?
- A
It is softer, which often makes it feel more polite.
ここで写真を撮ってはいけません puts you in the position of forbidding the listener. ここで写真を撮ってはいけないことになっています points to an established rule rather than presenting the statement as your personal command.
This is why staff at shops, museums, and offices use it so often.
Conclusion
In this article, you learned that ~ことになった reports a decision made by someone other than you, and that ~ことになっている states a rule, custom, or arranged plan.
With this grammar, you can now:
- announce news about yourself modestly, the way Japanese speakers do,
- explain rules and schedules without naming who set them,
- and place ことになる correctly against ことにする, ことにしている, and ようになる.


