~ことになる・ことになっている Meaning & Usage: “It Was Decided That”

level3 (N3)

Introduction

Have you ever wanted to say “It’s been decided that I’ll transfer to Fukuoka” or “We’re expected to submit a report every day” in Japanese?

For example:

  • How do you announce a job transfer that the company decided?
  • How do you explain a school rule without saying who made it?

For all of these, Japanese uses ~ことになる and its related form ~ことになっている—patterns that present something as decided, without putting your own will in the foreground.


1. Meaning: What does ~ことになる mean?

The verb なる means “to become”—something comes about without the speaker’s will driving it.

Added to こと, it says that a decision has been reached about a future action.

① ~ことになった → it has been decided that

This use describes a decision or arrangement that has been reached.

The decision may have been made by someone else, such as a company or school, or reached through discussion or circumstances.

Who decided is usually left unsaid.

Common English equivalents:

  • it has been decided that ~
  • it was arranged that ~
  • I’m going to ~ (as a result of a decision)

Example:

A businessperson on a business trip

来月らいげつ、福岡ふくおかに転勤てんきんすることになりました。
It’s been decided that I’ll transfer to Fukuoka next month.

② ~ことになっている → it is expected that

With ている, the focus shifts from the moment of deciding to the state of being decided.

This form describes something that has already been decided and remains in effect.

It is commonly used for rules, customs, arrangements, and scheduled plans.

Common English equivalents:

  • be supposed to ~
  • be expected to ~
  • the rule is that ~
  • be scheduled to ~

Example:

Daily Reports

この会社かいしゃでは日報にっぽうを出だすことになっています。
At this company, we are required to submit daily reports.

In some Japanese workplaces, employees are expected to write 日報 (daily reports) to share their work progress and any issues with their supervisors.

A useful social function

Even when the speaker did make the decision, Japanese often uses ことになる to avoid sounding self-centered.

Compare:

  • 会社かいしゃを退職たいしょくすることにしました。
    I’ve decided to quit the company. (direct; my choice)
  • 会社かいしゃを退職たいしょくすることになりました。
    It’s come about that I’ll be leaving the company. (softer, more modest)

This is why ことになりました is often used when announcing a marriage, resignation, or move, even when the speaker had a choice.

It presents the news modestly, without putting the speaker’s own decision in the foreground.


2. Formation

Verb (dictionary form) + ことになる
Verb (nai form) + ことになる

  • 行いく (to go) → 行くことになる / 行かないことになる
  • 参加さんかする (to attend) → 参加することになる / 参加しないことになる
  • 帰かえる (to return) → 帰かえることになる / 帰かえらないことになる

Three forms, three jobs

  • ことになった/ことになりました — reporting a decision that has just been reached.
  • ことになっている/ことになっています — a rule, custom, or standing plan.
  • ことになる (plain non-past) — describes a decision, arrangement, or outcome that will result in a certain situation. Depending on the context, it can also express a logical consequence.
    • この計画けいかくが通とおれば、来年らいねんから始はじめることになる。= If this plan is approved, we’ll be starting next year.

Expressing rules and prohibitions

To express a prohibition, use the negative form ~てはいけない + ことになっている.

This presents the prohibition as an established rule rather than a direct command from the speaker.

This is the standard way to state a rule impersonally.

Example:

No Smoking Sign

ここでたばこを吸すってはいけないことになっています。
Smoking isn’t allowed here.

~ことになっている vs ~てはいけません

ことになっている is softer than a flat ~てはいけません.

It presents the rule as something that exists independently, rather than as you forbidding the listener.


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3. Useful Examples

① ~ことになった: a decision reached

Situation: The team has been waiting to hear who will lead the new project.

Koki
Koki

結局けっきょく、だれが新あたらしいプロジェクトを担当たんとうするんでしょうか。
So, who’s going to be in charge of the new project, after all?

Saori
Saori

ジョンさんが担当たんとうすることになったそうですよ。
I heard that John is going to be in charge.


Wedding, Bride and Groom

幼おさななじみが結婚けっこんすることになりました。
It has been decided that my childhood friend will get married.


school trip

今度こんどの修学旅行しゅうがくりょこうは京都きょうとへ行いくことになりました。
It’s been decided that our upcoming school trip will be to Kyoto.


Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture

母ははの仕事しごとの関係かんけいで、仙台せんだいに引ひっ越こすことになりました。
Because of my mother’s job, we’re moving to Sendai.


The negative form works the same way, and often delivers bad news:

John
John

来年らいねんは奨学金しょうがくきんがもらえないことになってしまいました。
It’s been decided that I won’t be receiving the scholarship next year.

Yumi
Yumi

そうなんですか…。残念ざんねんですね。
Is that so…? That’s too bad.


② ~ことになっている: schedules

Situation: The company president is checking his afternoon schedule with his secretary.

Mr. Tanaka
Mr. Tanaka

私わたしの午後ごごの予定よていは?
What’s my schedule this afternoon?

Saori
Saori

3時じにT社しゃの山田社長やまだしゃちょうと会あうことになっています。
You’re scheduled to meet President Yamada of T Company at three.


A businessperson on a business trip

明日あした、名古屋なごやへ出張しゅっちょうすることになっています。
I’m scheduled to go to Nagoya on business tomorrow.


Presentations and Speeches

社長しゃちょうは新製品発表会しんせいひんはっぴょうかいに参加さんかされないことになっています。
The president is not scheduled to attend the new product launch.


③ ~ことになっている: rules and customs

Situation: It’s only ten o’clock, but John is getting ready to leave.

Yumi
Yumi

もう帰かえるの?まだ10時じだよ。
You’re leaving already? It’s only ten.

John
John

うん。寮りょうに、夜よる11時じまでに帰かえらなきゃいけないことになっているんだ。
Yeah. We’re supposed to be back at the dorm by eleven.


University Lecture Hall

この講義室こうぎしつでは食事しょくじをしてはいけないことになっています。
Eating isn’t permitted in this lecture room.


Students

この学校がっこうの生徒せいとは、髪かみの色いろを変かえてはいけないことになっています。
Students at this school aren’t allowed to dye their hair.


Plastic bottle

この町まちではペットボトルを捨すてるとき、中なかを洗あらってから捨すてることになっています。
In this town, you’re expected to rinse out plastic bottles before throwing them away.


4. Related grammar (comparison)

Four patterns share the same building blocks, and the difference comes down to two questions: する or なる (is your will involved?), and ように or ことに (an effort, or a decision?).

する(your will)なる(not your will)
ように~ようにする
make an effort to
~ようになる
come to do / become able to
ことに~ことにする
decide to
~ことになる
it is decided that

~ことにする

~ことにする means “to decide to do”—the decision is yours.

  • 今学期こんがっき、経済けいざいの授業じゅぎょうを取とることにしました。= I’ve decided to take an economics class this semester.

~ことにしている

~ことにしている means “to make it a habit to”—a personal rule you have set for yourself.

This is the pair most worth keeping straight, because the two look nearly identical:

  • 毎朝まいあさニュースを見みることにしている。= I make a point of watching the news every morning. (my own rule)
  • 毎朝まいあさニュースを見みることになっている。= We’re expected to watch the news every morning. (an external rule)

~ようになる

~ようになる describes a change in ability, habit, or situation.

Unlike ~ことになる, it focuses on the change itself rather than a decision or arrangement.

  • 前まえは刺身さしみが食たべられませんでしたが、今いまは食たべられるようになりました。= I couldn’t eat sashimi before, but now I can.

~予定よていだ

Vる + 予定だ also states a plan, but it is a neutral statement of the schedule.

ことになっている emphasizes that the plan or arrangement has already been established. Depending on the context, it may also imply an expectation or obligation.

  • 来週らいしゅう大阪おおさかへ行いく予定です。= I plan to go to Osaka next week.
  • 来週らいしゅう大阪おおさかへ行いくことになっています。= I’m due to go to Osaka next week (it’s been arranged).

5. Common Mistake: ことになる vs. ことにする

One syllable separates these, and choosing the wrong one changes who decided.

Remember this golden rule:

  • ことにする: する = “to do.” I decided.
  • ことになる: なる = “to become.” Someone or something else decided.

Example: The company is transferring me to Osaka.

  • ✅ Correct: 大阪おおさかで働はたらくことになりました。(The company decided.)
  • ❌ Misleading: 大阪おおさかで働はたらくことにしました。(This says you chose it yourself.)

Example: I’ve thought it over and decided to study abroad.

  • ✅ Correct: よく考かんがえて、留学りゅうがくすることにしました。
  • △ Odd: よく考かんがえて、留学りゅうがくすることになりました。(「よく考えて」makes your own will explicit, which clashes with ことになる.)

Remember, though, that ことになる is also the modest choice.

When announcing news about yourself, it is often preferred precisely because it keeps your will in the background.

Just don’t pair it with phrases that spotlight your decision, like 自分じぶんで決きめて.

One more point of form: this pattern takes a plain-form verb, never a noun directly.

  • ❌ Incorrect: 転勤てんきんことになりました。
  • ✅ Correct: 転勤てんきんすることになりました。

6. Practice

Translate the following into Japanese using ~ことになる or ~ことになっている.

ClueExample Answer
It’s been decided that I’ll transfer to Fukuoka next month.来月らいげつ、福岡ふくおかに転勤てんきんすることになりました。
I’m leaving the company for personal reasons.一身上いっしんじょうの都合つごうで、退職たいしょくすることになりました。
At this company, we’re expected to submit a report every day.この会社かいしゃでは毎日まいにち、報告書ほうこくしょを出だすことになっています。
My section chief invited me, so I’ll be attending the drinking party.課長かちょうに誘さそわれて、飲のみ会かいに参加さんかすることになりました。

7. FAQ

Q
If I decided something myself, can I still use ことになりました?
A

Yes. Even when you made the decision yourself, you can use ことになりました if you want to present the decision modestly or focus on the outcome rather than your own choice.

Announcing a marriage, a resignation, or a move with ことにしました can sound like you are making a point of your own agency. ことになりました presents the same news modestly, as something that has come about.

It also fits decisions you reached together with someone else—a wedding being the obvious case.

Q
What’s the difference between ことになっている and ことにしている?
A

Who set the rule.

お酒さけを飲のまないことにしている = I make it a rule not to drink alcohol.

お酒さけを飲のんではいけないことになっている = Drinking isn’t allowed (someone else’s rule).

If you’re explaining a workplace or school regulation, ことになっている is the one you want.

Q
Is ことになっている more polite than てはいけません?
A

It is softer, which often makes it feel more polite.

ここで写真しゃしんを撮とってはいけません puts you in the position of forbidding the listener. ここで写真しゃしんを撮とってはいけないことになっています points to an established rule rather than presenting the statement as your personal command.

This is why staff at shops, museums, and offices use it so often.

Conclusion

In this article, you learned that ~ことになった reports a decision made by someone other than you, and that ~ことになっている states a rule, custom, or arranged plan.

With this grammar, you can now:

  • announce news about yourself modestly, the way Japanese speakers do,
  • explain rules and schedules without naming who set them,
  • and place ことになる correctly against ことにする, ことにしている, and ようになる.
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