Japanese Passive Form れる・られる: How to Say “be ~ed” and “be done by” with Natural Examples

level2 (N4)
Japanese Passive Form れる・られる: How to Say “be ~ed” and “be done by” with Natural Examples
Source: gokigen japanese official YouTube Channel

Introduction

This lesson explains how Japanese uses the passive form to focus on the person or thing affected by an action.

You will learn the core pattern, how to conjugate verbs, and three natural uses: when something unfortunate happens to you, when the doer is unknown or unimportant, and even when the result is positive (being praised or helped).

1. What is the Japanese passive?

The passive highlights the receiver of an action rather than the doer. In everyday Japanese it’s especially common when you talk about being affected by someone else’s action (often an unwanted result), but it is also used for neutral facts and even good news.

2. Conjugation: how to make れる・られる

ru-verbs

Remove る and add られる.

  • る → 見られる
  • べる → 食べられる

u-verbs

Drop the final -u and add -are-ru.

  • こわす (kowasu, to break) → 壊される (kowasareru, to be broken)
  • く (kiku, to hear) → 聞かれる (kikareru, to be heard)
  • う (kau, to buy) → 買われる (kawareru, to be bought)
    • Note: for the end of う,”w” sound intervenes

Irregular

  • する (to do) → される (to be done)
  • る (to come) → 来られる (to be come)

gokigen penguin
gokigen penguin

Passive forms then behave like regular ru-verbs for further conjugation (ます-form, て-form, past, etc.).

Example: こわされる (to be broken)

short formsshort formslong formslong forms
affirmativenegativeaffirmativenegative
present壊される壊されない壊されます壊されません
past壊された壊されなかった壊されました壊されませんでした
te-form壊されて壊されなくて

3. Core sentence pattern you’ll use

Basic passive sentence structure is [Doee] は [Doer] に (Object を) V-れる/られる.

  • The doee is the person affected by the action, which is followed by は or が.
  • The doer is the one that performs the action, which is expressed by に.
  • The action is expressed with passive forms.

Examples:

わたしは だれかに財布さいふぬすまれました。
I had my wallet stolen by someone.


八時はちじははこされました。
I was woken up by my mother at 8 o’clock.


The doer is marked by に, and the affected person/thing (the “doee”) is usually marked by は (topic) or が (subject).

You may also use passive forms when describing the person who takes the action is either not important or unknown to you.

In this case, the sentence is simply a neutral report of facts.

このビルは2000年にてられました。
This building was built in 2000.


日本にほんではえん使つかわれています。
Yen is used in Japan.


4. Meanings you need to sound natural

A) Adversity passive

When someone’s actions cause you trouble or have an unpleasant effect on you:

わたしあににアイスクリームをべられました。
My brother ate my ice cream (and I’m not happy about it).

B) Neutral/impersonal report

When providing an objective explanation, and when the “doer” is unknown or the doer is not significant.

この神社じんじゃは1000ねん 以上いじょう まえてられました。
This shrine was built over 1,000 years ago.

C) Positive passive

When someone praises you, helps you, or has a positive influence on you.

大変たいへんときわたしともだちにたすけられました。
During difficult times, my friends helped me.

5. Example sentences

  1. だれかにパソコンを使つかわれました。
    I had my computer used by someone.
  2. その有名ゆうめい泥棒どろぼうぬす(ぬす)まれました。
    The famous painting was stolen by thieves.
  3. はは日記にっきまれました。
    My diary was read by my mother.
  4. アメリカではドルが使つかわれています。
    The dollar is used in the United States.
  5. わたしむしされました。
    I was stung by an insect.
  6. その生徒せいと先生せんせいにほめられました。
    The student was praised by the teacher.
  7. あさ九時くじははこされました。
    I was woken up by my mother at 9 o’clock in the morning.
  8. 部屋へやむしがいますね。わたしむしされました。
    There’s a bug in the room. I got stung.
  9. 旅行中りょこうちゅう、だれかにくるまぬすまれました。
    My car was stolen by someone during the travel.

6. Practice time

A) Conjugate into passive (れる/られる)

聞く → ________
飲む → ________
言う → ________
貼る → ________
盗む → ________
刺す → ________
置く → ________
ほめる → ________
する → ________
来る → ________


B) Change active to passive

だれかが メアリー のパソコンを盗みました。
→ メアリーは だれかに パソコンを盗まれました。

先生は生徒をほめました。
→ 生徒は先生にほめられました。

たけしさんがその子供を助けました。
→ その子供はたけしさんに助けられました。

あの人が 私 をけりました。
→ 私は あの人に けられました。


C) Say what happened to you (use passive)

  1. 虫/刺す → __________________________________
  2. 母/日記/読む → _____________________________
  3. 兄/自転車/使う → ___________________________
  4. 留守の時/車/盗む → _________________________
  5. 彼/デートに誘う → ____________________________

Answer key (quick check)
聞く→聞かれる/飲む→飲まれる/言う→言われる/貼る→貼られる/盗む→盗まれる/刺す→刺される/置く→置かれる/ほめる→ほめられる/する→される/来る→来られる

7. Common mistakes (and quick fixes)

× 先生は私にほめられました。
This says “The teacher was praised by me.” If you mean “I was praised,” say: 私は先生にほめられました。

× 日本では円使われています。
Use が with the passive in this neutral statement: 日本では円使われています。

8. FAQ

Q
What’s the biggest difference between れる/られる (passive) and できる (dekiru – potential)?
A

Passive (れる/られる): Focuses on the receiver of an action. Something happens TO the subject. 私は先生に褒められました。 (I was praised by the teacher.)

Potential (できる/potential form): Focuses on the ability of the subject. The subject can DO something. 私は日本語が話せます。 (I can speak Japanese.)

For Group 2 verbs (ru-verbs), 見られる can mean “to be seen” (passive) or “can see” (potential). Context and particles (especially に for the doer in passive, が for the object in potential) are key.

Q
Does the passive always mean something bad happened to the subject?
A

No, not always. This is a common misunderstanding.

  • Adversity Passive: Often used when an action causes the subject trouble or inconvenience. (e.g., 財布を盗まれました – My wallet was stolen.)
  • Neutral/Impersonal Report: When the doer is unknown or unimportant, or for objective facts. (e.g., このビルは1980年に建てられました – This building was built in 1980.)
  • Positive Passive: When the subject benefits from the action, like being praised or helped. (e.g., 先生に褒められました – I was praised by the teacher.)
Q
When should I use に (ni) vs. によって (ni yotte) for the doer in a passive sentence?
A

に (ni): This is the most common and versatile particle for the doer in passive sentences, especially when the doer is a person or animal. It’s used in everyday conversation and for both adversity and positive passive.

によって (ni yotte): This is more formal and often used when the doer is a large organization, an abstract concept, or in written/academic contexts, particularly for neutral reports. It emphasizes the “agency” of the doer.

この法律ほうりつくにによってめられました。 (This law was decided by the country.)

Q
Can I omit the doer (the person who performs the action) in a passive sentence?
A

Yes, absolutely! If the doer is unknown, irrelevant, or obvious from context, it’s very common to omit them. This often happens in neutral reports.

このビルは去年きょねん てられました。 (This building was built last year. – Doer is omitted)

Conclusion

The passive れる・られる centers the person or thing affected by an action. Build it with (Doee) は/が (Doer) に V-れる/られる, apply the right conjugation, and choose the use that fits your message: adversity, neutral report, or positive result.

Review a few examples each day and rewrite active sentences into natural passive Japanese—you’ll quickly feel when and why native speakers choose it.

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